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[Reprinted from TiiK American HisroRirAi, Rkview, Vol. VII., No. 2, Jan., 1902.] 



A BRITISH PRIVATEER IN THE AMERICAN 
REVOLUTION 

" I'm informed that you have had such Success with your Priva- 
teer that the Men of War are got jealous of her taking too many 
Prizes and have endeavoured to sink her, c'est bien malhonete ! " 
And so beyond question, thought that honest Scotch merchant and 
ardent loyalist, John Porteous,' of New York, in September, 1779, 
when he read the Montreal letter, written by his old-time friend, 
James Sterling, from which the sentence is quoted. Their friend- 
ship was of long standing, dating back to the fur-trading days that 
followed the close of the French War, when they had been partners 
at Detroit in the Indian trade and in many adventures on those 
distant trails that brought wealth from the great northern wilder- 
ness. Soon after the British army had occupied New York in 
1 776, John Porteous had followed it thither and had established 
himself in general merchandizing, occupying the store belonging to 
Henry Remsen, at No. 513 Hanover Square, "next door to the 
Admiral's." He enjoyed a good credit with his London connec- 
tions ; his brother, James Porteous, was an Assistant Commissionary 
General in the British service, and the shrewd and thrifty Scotch- 
man seems to have prospered in his undertakings. He preserved 
most of his papers with methodical care, and after his death, by 
some fortunate accident they escaped destruction, until, covered 
with a century's dust, they were recently brought to light from the 
old chest where they had so long lain hidden. There are many 
curious stories which these time-stained records tell, and among 

' Jolin Torteovis came from Perth, Scotland, to America about tlie year 1761, and 
wa.s one of ilie early British traders at Detroit and Michilimacinac He was a resident 
of Detroit during its siege by Pontiac and for ten years thereafter. During this time he 
was engaged in the Indian trade as a partner with James Sterling in the firm of 
Duncan, .Sterling and Porteous, and later fomied a partnership with the firm of Phyn and 
Ellice, of Schenectady, N. Y. Before the opening of the Revolutionary War he 
went to Montreal, and after the British occupied New York City, he followed them 
there and carried on a general merchandizing business until the evacuation in 1783, when 
he returned to Scotland. Soon thereafter he settled in Nova Scotia, but in 1788 or 1789 
went to Little Falls, N. Y., where he represented the interests of Alexander Ellice, who 
had succeeded to the lands covered by the Vaughn patent. He was naturalized in 1790, 
and lived at Little Falls until his death in March, 1799. 

The papers forming the basis of this article were discovered among other business 
paper-; of Porteous in Buft'alo, New York, and are now in the possession of the writer. 

286 






2S7 Henry R. 1 [o7<.<liiiid 



them is the story of the British Privateer " Vencje.ince," as told by 
tliose who sliared her varied fortunes. 

Wlien CornwalHs entered Philadelphia in September, 1777, the 
opportunity seemed favorable for the ]-5ritish traders, and shortly 
thereafter John Porteous sent a stock of goods to tiiat city entrusted 
to his friend and associate, John Riciiardson, who took a shop in 
Market street, where he had important dealings with Sir William 
Howe and many beside. The firm of John Porteous and Co. appar- 
ently owned at this time a snow called the " Klegantc," of wiiich 
Captain George Dean was the master, in which their shipments 
back and forth were made. Possibly our worthy Scotchman's 
close proximity to the " Admiral " may have turned his thoughts 
to other naval ventures than these peaceful sailings of the seas ; 
perhaps he was like Dogberry, " a fellow that hath had losses," 
for once again from London, James Sterling wrote : " Pray how 
do you succeed in Privateering ? I hope you've caught some 
of the Myneers' who will help to reimburse your former Losses." 
Perhaps privateering may have seemed as profitable at that time 
as it was popular, for in the year 1 778 it was evidently determined 
to convert the peaceful " Elegante" into a more war-like craft, re- 
christened the "Vengeance," whicl , on the 17th of November, for 
a consideration of £1"] 6s. 8d. was duly commissioned as a priva- 
teer under the seal of the court of vice-admiralty for the province 
of New York, " to attack, Surprize, Seize and take ail Ships and 
Vessels, Goods, Wares and Merchandizes, Chattels and Effects 
whatsoever belonging to tin- Inliahitants of the American Colonies 
in Rebellion." 

A "snow" was a three masted vessel, having abaft the main 
mast, a third mast which carried a trysail. The " Vengeance " was 
a vessel of this class and was no beauty despite her original name ; 
for one witness said she looked " like a Hog Trough," and another 
is equally disrespectful concerning her appearance, but, as the record 
siiows, her good qualities far out-balanced this lack of grace. She 
was well armed, carrying six six-pound guns and eight four-pounders, 
with an abundance of small arms and ammunition, and, as appears 
from the details of iier equipment, was amply supplied with pro\i- 
sions and with rum. The surgeon's instruments cost ^18 16s. and 
her stock of medicines ^'76 4s. 6d. There had been added by pur- 
cha.se a new long boat which had cost £'>,'/ 6s. 8d.; a pinnace cost- 
ing £2^, and at the hour of sailing, a very fine small boat which 
Captain Dean .said he "could not po.ssibly do without" for which 
John Porteous paid a round twenty guineas. Altogether, the \essel 

' [Mynlieers, pvidfiillv refirriiiR In Dulrli nierch.nnlmcn. Tlii' letter is clntcil 17.S1. 



I 



p. 



A British Privateer in the American Revolution 288 

and her outfit when ready for sea represented an outlay to her 
owners of ;^4S5i tos. 8d., York currency, equivalent at the time to 
about ^^3300 sterling. Of officers and crew there were sixty-nine 
on board when she sailed, with George Dean, Captain ; George 
Knowles, 1st Lieut.; Charles Knowles, 2nd Lieut.; Thomas Mid- 
dleton, master; John Fitzgerald, surgeon; John Eraser, gunner; 
and Patrick Henvey, boatswain, and including also John Richard- 
son, who, like Captain Dean, was a shareholder and who went 
ostensibly to guard the owners' interests, but evidently moved by a 
fine spirit of adventure and bearing rank as captain of marines. 
To his facile pen and to that of the pugnacious captain, we are in- 
debted for the most graphic account that has been preserved of the 
experiences of a British privateer during the war of the American 
Revolution. 

By the 9th of January, 1779, all was ready, so that the "Ven- 
geance " dropped down the bay and at three o'clock in the afternoon 
of the following day John Richardson found an opportunity of send- 
ing a farewell message from Sandy Hook. — " Yesterday afternoon 
it blowing fresh and the wind contrary we came to an Anchor off 
the Watering Place at Staten Island; and about 12 O'Clock today 
got under weigh ; — we shall be abreast of the Man of War very 
soon and Capt : Dean is determined to proceed immediately to Sea 
on passing inspection." He concludes by "ardently hoping for a 
successful Cruize," and is not again heard from until the 15th 
of February when the "Vengeance" is in the latitude of Port 
Royal. At least one letter had been dispatched in the interim 
by the first prize captured, but as there is no trace of its receipt, 
and as the " Little Ben " never found a place on the credit side 
of the "Vengeance's" account, it is probable that the prize was 
re-captured before reaching New York. Captain Dean now writes : 

Vengeance Lat : 32°. 15' N. 15"' Feb': 1779 
Dear Sir 

My last was dated the 5"' Current p' the Prize Schooner Little 
Ben from Cape Fear bound to Boston John Anderson Prize Master, who 
I hope before this reaches you will have arrived safe. She was loaded 
with Tar Turpentine and Rice, is quite full and about 80 Tons burthen. 
On the 14'!' January 3 Sail of Vessels were Captured by the Privateers 
Experiment, Cap'. MTherson, and Gen'. Mathew, Cap'. Forsyth, in sight 
of us and within hearing of the Guns; which you'll please lay in a claim 
for a Proportion of according to Men and Guns. One was a dismasted 
Ship from Cape Francjois bound to Charlestown, loaded with Rum etc., 
another a Brig, and the third a Schooner which we chaced in to them. 
All were taken off the Capes of Virginia, and it was my intention to put 



289 Hoiry R. IIoK'land 

some People on board them which being signified to Capt: Forsyth he 
even assented to coming too or laying by till morning when we would see 
each other again, but it growing hazy in the night, they gave us the Slip, 
next day we saw them again and fired several shot at the Sloop Gen'. 
Mathew to bring her too, but without effect, however I am in hopes this 
ungenerous method of procedure will avail them little. On the 8'!' Cur'. 
Captured the Ship Geo: Washington mounting 10 double fortified 4 
pounders from Boston in Balast bound to Charlestown which I have or- 
dered for Savannah in Georgia (it being in our possession) consigned to 
M'. John Tunno, who is connected with M'. Penman at S'. Augustine, as 
Agent ; She is 440 Tons burthen Frigate built and a beautiful Vessel. I 
remain with respect 

Your sincere friend and hble Serv'. 

CiKORGK DkAN 

Accompanj-inLj this was a letter from John Richardson. 

VENor.ANLK Lat : 32° 15' N. 15"' Feb'. 1779. 
Dear Sir 

I wrote you the 5'.'' Current a few Lines. This will be delivered 
you by a M'. J. [I?] Mitchell of Boston, who was a Passenger on board 
the Geo : JVashiiig/on ; is a Portrait Painter and was intending by some 
means or other to get to England. Being a facetious young Fellow, and 
in all appearance a friend to Gov'. Cap'. Dean and all the officers on board 
the Vengeance have shown him every indulgence and civility, and make 
no doubt you will do the like. We at first took the AVashington for a 
40 Gun Ship she loomed so large, but upon getting a little nearer, saw 
she was a large Merchantman, which we were in hopes was French. 
She showed 14 Guns, besides 2 on her Quarter Deck. We were de- 
terni'l to have a look at her, and accordingly stood tow'." her under 
French Colours ; she at same time bearing down on us under Rebel 
Colours; She by Accident made ])art of our Signal, which inducing us 
to believe she was the Union of Liverpool, we hoisted English ; this 
caused her immediately to haul her Wind from us ; and convinced us she 
was an enemy ; it falling calm, we happily thought of trying what effect 
our Boats Oars would have in rowing the Snow. Our people being in 
high spirits pulled like heroes ; We gained on her considerably, and she 
kept pelting us with Stern Chacer which happily did little damage altho' 
almost every shot took place in our .Sails. We fired only three Shot at her, 
and rowed uj) under her stern, fired our Stink Pot and prepared for 
boarding ; but before we came within hail she struck. Upon gel" nearer 
hailed her, and finding her from Boston gave three Cheers, which to our 
no small surprize was returned by a number on board the Ship. We 
found she was manned mostly with Scotchmen, whom the Captain had 
got out of Prison Ships. They rejoiced in their releasement ; and with 
some others to the Number of 21 entered with us. On the afternoon of 
the 9"' t'ur! saw 2 Sail which gave chace to. Soon perc'l one to be a 



A British Privateer in the American Revolution 290 

large Ship stand^- for us. Apprehending her to be the Deane Frigate 
who came out of Boston with our Prize, kept close by the wind ; but 
about 7 in the evening it being then dark found she was close under our 
Lee crossing us with her Larboard Tacks on board — we having our Star- 
board. She gave us a Gun : We returned her a 6 pounder shotted, yet 
I believe hit her — which was no sooner done than she gave us, and our 
Prize who was close under our Stern a Broadside and a Volley from her 
Tops and Quarter Deck, Luckily they did very little damage except to 
our Sails ; but find- them 9 pounders, were now convinced she was the 
Rebel frigate mentioned above ; so Cap' Dean and Officers, judged it 
most prudent to stand on. She immediately Tacked in our wake and 
stood after us. About 10 at night it falling light winds perceived she 
gained upon us ; so finding it in vain to get clear, hauled up our Courses 
and prepared for Action along with our Prize ; who was at this time 
commanded by Geo: Knowles, who I forgot to mention returned the 
Frigates broadside. She came up within Hail with all Sails standing, 
when we found it was his Majesty's Ship Unicorn, who behaved in a 
very civil manner. We were then off Cape Roman. Mess" Knowles 
join in best respects to you and Brother and I remain with unfeigned 
regard 

Your sincere friend and humble Servant 

John Richardson 

P. S. We spoke Cap! M^Alpin in a Schooner from New York who in- 
formed us you was well M''. Andrews is gone Prize Master of the Ship 
who sails almost as well as we. Convoyed her almost to Georgia. 

By an endorsement in his autograph, it appears that these 
letters were opened at New York by Commodore (afterward 
Admiral) Sir Hyde Parker, before being delivered to John Porteous 
to whom they were addressed. In December, 1778, Hyde Parker 
had commanded the small squadron which conveyed the British 
troops under Lt. Col. Archibald Campbell to the capture of Sav- 
annah, a service for which Parker was knighted in 1779. This 
important southern port now being in possession of the British, and 
the province declared to be "in the King's peace," Captain Dean 
thought it best to touch at Savannah for supplies and to see what 
had become of his fine prize ship, so about the 5th of March the 
"Vengeance" dropped anchor in the Savannah river and ten days 
later letters to New York told of the condition of her affairs which 
were not wholly to the Captain's liking. 

S.\v.\NNAH River in Georcia ) ,,, at . 

r^ n Tr " IS March I77Q. 

On Board the Vengeance j ~^ 
Dear Sir 

Finding our Stock of Wood and Water to be getting rather short 
I determined to put into this place to get a recruit of these articles : It 



291 Henry R. Hoivland. 

was likewise some inducement to me to learn the fate of the Ship Geo: 
Washington (which we took on the 8'.'' Feb; bound from Boston to 
C!harlestown in Balast) who by a Vessel we spoke with at Sea we were 
informed that she was claimed as British Property. M' Tunno who I 
a])pointed Agent, and I dare say you remember to have seen at New 
York, as he lodged at M'. Stoughton's dispatched her Papers to S'. Au- 
gustine without delay, no Court of Admiralty being established here till 
within these few days : No answer is yet arrived but 1 am in hopes the 
claim will not be sustained, as the Claimant is a man of no character, and 
I have reason to believe was in a great measure induced to it by the 
Prize Master, Charles Andrnvs, who has proved a most cunning artful 
villain, and has done I find everything in his power to stir up sedition 
among the Ships Company — who were however proof against it and are 
a set of as fine peaceable fellows as ever manned a Ship. If I can find 
any Point Blank proof against him of making away with anything out of 
the Ship I will trounce him soundly for it — at any rate he and I shall 
never fioat at sea again in the same bottom. I shall order M'. Tunno to 
remit you whatever may be the Nett Proceeds of the Shi]), after deducting 
disbursements here, without delay, when she is sold. I had once de- 
termined on going as far as ^^3000 Sterling for her on our own account, 
as she sails very fast and would carry 24 Cuns, six pounders with ease, 
but upon more mature deliberation have given up thoughts of that as 
the Expence of sending her round, and fitting would be so immense, 
that I am determined to stick by the Old Vengeance, who without jest- 
ing I would not exchange, for our business, with any Privateer belonging 
to New York : I find her to be possessed of every qualification neces- 
sary for a Privateer — Sails fast, carries her Guns well, makes no more 
water in a Gale of Wind than in a Calm ; and in appearance at best but a 
]5undle of Boards. I am anxious to hear of the arrival at your Place of 
the Schooner Little Ben from Cape Fear bound to Boston, which we 
took on the 4"* February, and of the Snow Invermay from Cape 
Franc^ois, bound to Charlestown, Captured the 19"' d° ; the first loaded 
with Tar, Turpentine and Rice, the latter with Rum, Sugar, Coffee and 
Dry Goods. There were a few trifling articles taken out of the Snow 
besides what I mentioned, which in the hurry we were in I forgot, viz 
the Jesuits Bark — pieces, Linen, I made a present of to the Master. No 
bread being to be had here, I have purchased -as a substitute 15 Tierces 
Rice at 7/6 Stg. pr. C, and some sweet Potatoes. I shall buy only 
about 10 Barrels Salt Provision, which can be had for about 6 Guineas 
pr Bbl ; but as it is far cheaper and better for the people as many Hogs 
(which can be got about 3.'' stg. pr lb.) as I can conveniently carry on 
Deck out of the way of the Guns. 1 am afraid I shall be obliged to get 
a puncheon of Rum altho' dear ; there is no doing without it in our way. 
We were once entirely out for eight days, but to do our People justice I 
never heard the least murmur on that account as they knew it could not 
be had. 



A British Privateer in the American Revolution 292 

One circumstance happened to us in the Beginning of the Cruize, 
which I cannot omit mentioning every opportunity altho' I can hardly 
do it with patience. If ever any one serves me such a Trick again, I 
will forgive him and never mention a word about it. On the 14'!' Janu- 
ary a dismasted Ship from Cape Francois, bound to Charlestown, loaded 
with Taffia, etc, a Brig with her Main Topmast gone, and a Schooner, 
were captured off the Capes of Virginia by the Experiment Cap'. M°Pher- 
son and Gen'. Mathew, Cap'. Forsyth, both of New York, in sight of us 
and within hearing of their Guns. I spoke them and intended putting 
Prize Masters on board in the morning, which I even signified to Capt. 
Forsyth who appeared to have no objection, and agreed to lay by till 
morning — however it getting hazy in the night they gave us the Slip. 
Next day I saw them again and fired several shot to bring them to ; 
upon which they put away before the wind. I hauled our wind for 
the Prizes, and put about when I thought we had got so far as to be 
able to fetch them on the other Tack, however we saw nothing more 
of them. I am hopeful some of my Letters may have reached you to 
enable you to lay in a claim for a share of said Prizes according to Men 
and Guns. I have cut out 2 more Ports, and got two four Pounders out 
of the Ship, and we now mount 6 six pounders and 10 four pounders. 
When we go out we shall have 70 Men, all fine fellows ; almost 50 of 
whom are Seamen, and we shall not carry a man out here but what be- 
longed to us when we came in ; so that you see we have been very lucky 
in the Vessels we have taken to get so many seamen. 1 remain with 
great regard 

Dear John 

Yours sincerely 

George Dean 

There were uncertainties even in British privateering. The 
" Vengeance " might capture cargoes of rum and peaceful tar-laden 
merchantmen, but there were many things to be reckoned with be- 
fore they could be taken into port, condemned and sold and their 
proceeds comfortably divided. There were well-armed Yankee 
ships with names fully as fierce as her own, whose captains would 
have delighted in a brush with the " Vengeance " herself, and who, 
failing this, found a peculiar pleasure in recapturing her prizes, 
which doubtless furnishes the providential reason why the " Inver- 
may " as well as the "Little Ben" never figured further in the 
privateer's accounts. Then too there were such rascally schemes 
as that of the " George Washington's " prize master which stirred 
up Captain Dean's righteous indignation, as well it might, for al- 
though full details of procedures are not found, all that was ever 
credited to the account of the "Vengeance" in realization of her 
hopes from her splendid 440 ton prize for which Captain Dean 
would ha\-e paid i?3000 sterling, was a beggarly item of " £},J4 



293 Hoiry R. Ihnvlaud 

los. 6d." " for share of the George Washington salvage." How- 
ever, all were now greatly elated with their early successes and 
their first lieutenant, George Knowles, who had been a mcrcliant 
captain, wrote to John Porteous in exuberant phonetics. 

" Vou will No Dout hear mor larg from Cap'. Dean of our Sucess and 
the Plisur the Snow gives ous in hir saling and Every thing that wie cann 
wish wie have goot a Complet Sette of gunes as aney Ship out of New 
York sixtin sixes and four Pounders and I hoap for to have thre or four 
prises in to you in the Spece of thre or four weakes after our puting from 
thence. Wie have a Conipleat Shipes Companey as Ever I sailed with 
70 in number." 

.At the same time John Ricliardson also wrote to Mr. Porteous. 

., ,. 1 s March 1779 

On Board ihk \ kngeanxe j -' ' ' ■' 

Dear Sir 

We have been here now about 10 days, getting a fresh supply of 
Wood and Water, and some provisions, which are tolerably reasonable. 
I am hopeful' the next prize we send you may be a good S'. Domingo 
Man : Let us only see a Vessel and we are not afraid but we will soon 
come up with her, provided night does not prevent us. We sail exceed- 
ingly fast (having beat everything we have yet seen but the Unicorn) 
and are the greatest deception imaginable, looking at a distance like a 
Hog Trough ; this no doubt will be a great advantage to us. The Master 
of the Snow we took told us, that even after he was in the Boat coming 
on board us, he secretly repented not having run longer ; as he could 
hardly satisfy himself that we could sail Iflkrahly, notwithstanding we 
had come up with him so fast that he did not know how to behave. M' 
Watson from New York informed us that it was currently reported there, 
our being cast away. I feel exceedingly for the distress and anxiety of 
mind you must have laboured under till the doubts respecting our safety 
were removed. There were people in New York, viz M'Pherson and 
Forsyth, who could have satisfied you on this head, but knowing them- 
selves guilty of wronging us in a very ungenerous manner, I suppose 
they determined to keep their own counsel, for fear enquirys might be 
made, that would put it out of their power to conceal any longer, our 
being in company, when the prizes were taken ; and of consequence 
fully entitled to a share. I have sent you all the news Papers since the 
arrival of our Troops here, so that it is unnecessary to mention any news. 
The Phoenix Man of Warsailed for England the 12'!' Cur'. Col : Camp- 
bell went Pa.ssenger in her, and I suppose there never was a Commander 
whose departure was more regretted, he being universally beloved by all 
orders of People. Cap! Dean and I being in Town when the Molly 
Caj)'. Thompson sailed for New York prevented our writing by her, as 
likewise to London by the Phoenix, not exjjecf! they would sail so soon. 
This is the l)est Bar Harbour in .Vnicrica. having over it at Low Water 



A BritisJi Pi-ivatccr in the American Revolution 294 

at least 3 fathoms. The Bar lies near 3 miles without the Light House 
or rather Beacon, which is built of Brick and Whitewashed ; It consists 
of seven Stories, and stands upon the North Eastermost Point of Tybee, 
a low swampy Island, uninhabited, and abound' with fine Pine and Live 
Oak Trees ; Here we get whatever Spars we want (upon asking liberty) 
for the trouble of cutting them. About 3 miles up from the Light House 
is Cockspur Island which divides the River into 2 channels, the norther- 
most of which is the Ship Channel but between the Southside of the 
Island and Tybee is the best Anchorage. From Cockspur to within 5 
miles of Savannah Town runs a range of swampy desert Islands, dividing 
the Channels as I ment' before. The Banks of the River on both sides 
untill you come near to the Town (which is about 20 miles from Tybee 
Beacon) is a swamp. Here you can see multitudes of alligators lying in 
the mud like old Logs, and the Rivers in general here so abound with 
these destructive animals that it is very dangerous to go in to the Water. 
The Town stands upon a steep sandy Bank, which will put a man out of 
breath before he can reach the Top of it. It consists of about 300 houses, 
built for the most part of Wood. It is very regularly laid out, the Streets 
crossing each other at right angles, but like most other Towns in this 
Country very straggling built. The Streets are not paved ; the Sand in 
them is near a foot deep, and in the summer, what between Sand Flies 
(of which even now there are Legions) Musquettoes etc must ccrtainlv l>c 
a most agreeable place to reside in. When it blows, a man runs no small 
risk of being chocked by the clouds of sand and dust. I am told that 
about 50 miles back, the Country exhibits a very different appearance, 
being very fruitful in Indigo, Rice, Indian Corn etc., and abounds with 
stock of all kinds ; The sallow complexion of the Natives here, to me 
sufficiently proves the unhealthiness of the Climate. M'. Michie desires 
his Compliments to you, he is in company with M'. Brown, and they seem 
to have a great run. There is a pretty good demand for Goods here. 
M'. M'Culloch is appointed Collector of the Customs. Col : Innes is 
gone home. M'. Penman ' from S'. Augustine is here. Of Privateers 
there are at present here, the Mars Cap'. Cunningham, Union Capt 
Sibrell, and Surprize Cap'. Watson, all of New York. Cap'. Henry of 
the Fowey is now Commodore. I beg to be remembered to your Brother, 
M'. Cruden ; M'. and M". Groome. I remain with the greatest regard 
D'. Sir 

Yours very sincerely 

John Richardson 

During the month that followed these despatches, the " Ven- 
geance " found business very dull. The rich St. Domingo mer- 

■ James Penman, a British loyalist, who was engaged in business at St. .\ugiistine, 
Fla., until the capture of Savannah, Ga., in 1779, where he accompanied the British 
General, Augustine Prevost from Florida. After the capture of Savannah in 1779 ^"'^ '" 
the effort to re-establish the royal government there he was appointed a member of the 
council and a commissioner of claims under tlae Crown. 



295 Henry R. Hoivland 

chantman wisely kept out of her way ; she caught a ghmpse of the 
Jamaica fleet sailing down the Georgia coast and somewhere there- 
abouts captured a "light brig," only to lose it again. Letters were 
sent by a St. Augustine sloop, but it would seem that they never 
reached New York and the ne.\t despatches received by the owners 
were written May 7th, somewhere off Albemarle Sound. 

„ ^. On BoAKi) 1HI-; VENGE.\NXii Lat -56° Xorth 

D' Sir 

On the 2;' Cur', we in Company with the Privateer Sloop Who would 
have thought it. Cap'. Lancefield belonging to M'. Courtney, took the 
Schooner Fannie, John Sawyer Master from S'. Croiz bound to Edenton, 
mounting 4 Carriage Guns and 3 Swivels, loaded with 78 Puncheons 
Rum and i Hhd. Sugar. There is likewise on board some small Casks 
Rum and Pieces of Dry Goods as annexed. I intended keejjing her with 
me for some Days to Cruize as she would have answered every purpose of 
a Tender and for that Purpose put 6 of our best people on Hoard includ- 
ing the i^' Lieut, and the Sloop put the same number of his : but not 
obeying my signal for Tacking the ensuing night (whether from inten- 
tion or neglect I know not) we lost Company of her, and heard nothing 
of her since. This has distressed me exceedingly to loose so many good 
men in so small a vessel and as I was in Chase all the afternoon had not 
time to make out M'. Knowles's Orders, or send a Copy of our Commis- 
sion, but Verbally desired him to keep by us. However I am hopeful 
she may arrive safe at New York as I have no doubt they will push di- 
rectly for thence. On the 4"' Cur! I sent about 30 Volunteers on board 
the said Sloop and in our Pinnace, who went into Ocracock Harbour, 
boarded and took the French Polacco Ship Le Hardy Claude Berard 
M' of 12 Carriage Guns, 4 Swivels and 26 Men, after a very obstinate 
resistance. We did not loose a Man, having only one a good deal Burnt 
by a Powder Flask, and the Sloop one of her peojile badly wounded in 
the head. The French Capt" and 3 of his People are dangerously 
wounded. She has on board 250 Hhds of Tobacco which I am hoiieful 
will sell well being of the first Quality. The Ship is excellently found 
and sails very fast. There is a fine parcel of liread aboard which should 
be glad you would purchase for our next Cruize. We shall come in for 
a great part of both Vessels as we had 63 Men on Board and i 7 Carriage 
Guns, and the Sloop 6 Guns and about 26 men Had the Schooner re- 
mained with me I should have been able to have cut out likewise a large 
Lumber loaded Ship which lay about 3 miles further up, who got under 
Sail and went still farther as soon as they saw our Intention against the 
Polacco. Our Water and Provisions begin to grow low, so that I shall 
not be able to cruize much longer. I am sorry to hear the light Brig we 
took and sent for Georgia, was retaken by the Brig Notre Dame of 16 
(jims belonging to Charlestovvn, off Savannah Bar. I was so sure of her 
arriving safe that I would have insured her for sixpence. Should I catch 
any more of the boston Victuallers (as we call them) 1 shall not hesitate 



A British Privateer in tJie American Rcvohttion 296 

about burning them, as I cannot find they ever carry anything but a few 
notions. There is nothing I regret so much as not leaving orders with 
you to Commission for a good night Glass ; it would have been of infinite 
service to me, however it may not yet be too late, therefore beg you will 
do it. Should the Schooner arrive, I request you will defer selling her 
till we arrive as I have a great opinion of her, and if the cruize can afford 
it, would like to purchase her for a Tender, finding that a small one 
would be of vast service. 1 am with respect, D'. Sir 

Your very humble Servant 

George De.^n. 
M'. John Porteous. 

P. S. M'. Middleton the Master is sent as Prize Master of the Polacco 
who was altered from a Snow into a Ship lately at Edenton. 

In the cabin of the Schooner 

2 P' Coating 

2 P: Broad Cloth with Shalloon and other Trimmings 

In the hold about 400"' Coffee 

On Bo.-^rd the Vengeance Lat 36° N 
7!'' May 1779 
D: Sir 

I wrote you the 22'' ulmo pr the Hunter Sloop Cap'. Browne 
from S'. .\ugustine and mentioned having seen the Jamaica fleet on the 
16'!' April in and about Lat: 31-30 and Lon: 70° West. On the 26'.'' 
.April in the morning off Cape Look Out we gave Chace to a Sail which 
we soon discovered to be a brig standing towards us, but before we could 
see her hull she Tacked and stood from us with all Sail ; we continued 
the Chace and falling almost calm we got out our Sweeps, and about i P M 
our Pinnace armed and manned as usual was dispatched after her ; We 
came up very fast, but most unluckily about 2 a very heavy squall with 
Rain from the N W came on, in which the Snow loosing sight both 
of us and the Brig was obliged to heave too for fear of loosing us. We 
returned to the Snow, and the Boat was immediately hoisted in. About 5 
in the evening We again discovered the Brig who had wore (when out of 
our sight) towards the Shore, and went close under the Shoals, by which 
means she had got about 2 Leagues to Windward. We continued the 
Pursuit and about night it falling calm ; our Pinnace was hoisted out 
again and sent after her ; We rowed directly towards her for 21^ hours 
when seeing no appearance of a sail, M^ Knowles and I judged it prudent 
to return. Got on board the Vessel about i ne.xt morning ; it still con- 
tinuing almost calm set out again and at Sun Rise discovered her at an 
Anchor under the Fort at Cape Lookout we returned the third time when 
a light breese springing up the Snow wrought in Shore towards an Inlet 
(about 1 2 miles from the Cape) where we saw a number of Vessels laying. 
We hoisted French colours and made a signal for a Pilot. A Boat came 
out and reconnoitred us but no scheme could bring her along side. 
Captain Dean now was determined to have a Dust with the Brig, which 



297 Henry R. Hozdand 

we saw was a Rebel Priv': from 12 to 16 Guns, and ;.ccording]y stood 
within Gun Shot of the Fort who fired a Shot at us, which we returned, 
but most unluckily the Wind shifting to the Southward ; we were obliged 
to turn out being in such a Hight, that we could not weather the Land 
on one Hand nor the Shoals on another. Although blowing fresh in 
the night ; by next morning got so far to Windward as to be out of 
danger. We then fell in with our present consort ; and determined on 
attempting to have the Brig at all events as she had cost us so much 
trouble But on the 29'!' a heavy Gale driving us into the Gulf Stream, 
we never could fetch to Windward of the Shoals again : therefore Cap'. 
Hean bent his Attention towards Ocracock — where on the 4'.'' Cur', we cut 
out the Polacco Ship Le Hardy : M'. Middleton the Master, and I with 
16 hands went \'olunteers in the Sloop: and Chas. Knowles, Gunner, 
and Boatswain with 9 more of our Peojjle in the Boat. The Ship having 
a suspicion of us had got chace Ports cut out the night before and every 
])reparation made. We went up under her stern when he began a heavy 
fire on us with his Stern Chacer ; and by backing his Mizen Topsail 
endeavoured to bring his broadside to bear on us, but being unable to 
effect this he renewed the fire with his chacer ; Havg. by this time got 
pretty near, we soon drove them from those Guns by our Musketry and 
a 3 I'd' which raked him. Passing under his Starboard (Quarter we laid 
him aboard directly and the Boat on the other; at which instant he 
discharged his Broadside a volley of small arms and some Powder Flasks 
at the Sloop. Most miraculously and providentially they did us no 
damage to speak of and before they could load again so many from both 
Sloop and Boat got on board, that little opposition was then made but 
by the French Cap'., who behaved in a most resolute manner. Notwith- 
standing the extreme difficulty of the Bar (being only about 13 feet Water 
on it) we got her safe out about dark. The Channel lies so close to the 
Beach that the Pilots lying behind the Sand Banks peppered away at us 
with small arms, but did no hurt. Vou must look upon it as very unac- 
countable and indeed what I could hardly have believed had I not been 
an eye Witness that only one Man should be wounded and another a good 
deal burnt with a Powder Flask on our side. The French Cap', and 3 of 
his People are badly wounded, and several more slightly. If our Prize 
Schooner had been with us, to have gone in with the Sloop we should 
have effected something more capital. We cannot cruize above a fort- 
night longer as our Prov: and Water get low, and our Bottom is remark- 
ably foul. Present my Copt? to your Brother — as likewise Don! M'Lean, 
A. Stephen — and acquaintances at your Mess Expecting to enjoy the 
])leasure of seeing you soon, 1 am 

D; Sir 

Vours very sincerely 

John Richardson 

Enclosed uitli those letters is a list of tlio rrciich prisoners cap- 
tured, and also lists of tlic officers and men beionjj;iiig to the 



A British Privateer in the American Rei'olution 298 

" Vengeance " that were on board the pinnace and the sloop during 
the action. 

This was a fine stroke of luck for the British privateer, in- 
asmuch as both the polacca " Le Hardy" and the schooner 
" Fannie " escaped re-capture, and, having been condemned and sold 
at New York, the "Vengeance" was credited with ^'4,603 3s. lod. 
as her share of the proceeds. But, alas for the mutability of for- 
tune ! Just as this audacious rover of the seas was turning home- 
ward for renewed supplies and a fresh start in further buccaneering, 
she encountered disaster as unexpected and startling as lightning 
would have been coming from a clear sky. She was on the look- 
out for her enemies, and with a fighting captain and willing crew, or 
with swift heels, as circumstances might require, felt reasonably se- 
cure ; but if her captain prayed at all, he might well change his sup- 
plications now and pray to be delivered from his friends, for it was 
into their hands that the " Vengeance " fell, with results undreamed 
of from the worst of her foes. The story is told by the original 
draft from the hand of John Richardson, which was evidently copied 
and signed by officers and crew in the vain hope of possible redress 
at the hands of His Britannic Majesty's government : 

On Friday 21? May 1779 Between 6 and 7PM saw Two Sail 
Bearing about E. standing towards us, which we conjectured to be some 
of the Rebel Cruizers, but being so near dark could not determine their 
Size. The Tryon Brig Cap'. Sibbles and we kept close together and 
Hauled our Wind for them, which the Brig Diana (from Surinam for 
New York whom we had spoke in the forenoon,) observing, borfe down 
towards us for protection. About 9 P M we observed them close to us 
on our Starboard Bow, and the Leewardmost who appeared the largest 
seemed to be running athwart us — upon which we kept away a little and 
fired a Gun across his Forefoot to bring him too to speak with him. 
Having soon after shot up abreast of him, he Hauled his Wind on the 
same Tack as we (viz the Wind at Starboard) and appeared to be a very 
large Ship. We hailed him when he answered the Harcourt, Store Ship 
from London, and Cap! Dean then repeatedly and distinctly replied the 
Vengeance a Privateer belonging to New York George Dean Commander. 
He ordered us to " Hoist out our Boat or he would fire a Broadside into 
us": Cap'. Dean answered : If you will take in your Top Gallant Sails 
and shorten sail I will do it immediately : Then says he " lower down 
your Topsails," which was done and afterwards without any other warn- 
ing he poured into us a whole Broadside of Round and Grape, and Vollies 
of small Arms and Swivels from her three Tops and Poop. We now saw 
her to be a two Decker and by the light could plainly perceive the Eng- 
lish Colours : Cap'. Dean during this repeatedly hailed and told him we 
were a friend to the British Flag which had been displayed before com- 
ing near him, but he paid not the smallest attention to it — some of the 



299 //ciirv R. Jloi^'land 

peojjle say they Heard repeated orders given on Hoard the Ship to " fire 
alow and aloft, and be sure to Hull her." Our People seeing them- 
selves doomed to destruction without mercy, said they might at least 
have the satisfaction of returning the fire, therefore notwithstanding Cap' 
Dean's repeated orders to the contrary fired the greatest part of our 
Broadside, and it was with the utmost difficulty they were stopt as they 
saw no hopes of (Quarters. Not satisfied with one Broadside he continued 
in the same manner near half an hour untill he discharged at least five 
into us. The Tryon being a little way astern began to fire after the 
Ship's second Broadside, but stopt on being hailed by Cap' Dean and 
told that it was a British Man of War. All these things he well paid no 
attention to altho' he must have heard us not being half the distance 
we were from the Brig, and notwithstanding it was repeatedly told him 
who we were, and that we were sinking. At last he stopt and we finding 
several Shot between Wind and Water, the Carpenters reported their ap- 
prehensions of being unable to keep the Vessel up: upon which Cap| 
Dean again hailed them, and they answering he begged them to send 
their Boats as we were Sinking to save the People, but not the smallest 
notice was taken of it. Being apprehensive of his going to begin his 
horrid work again our Boat was hoisted out as soon as the shattered situa- 
tion of the Vessel would allow and the 2''. Lieu', and Copies of our Com- 
mission sent on Board : Instead of expressing the least contrition for his 
Conduct, his Language only seemed to indicate his being sorry that he 
had not sunk us all. They asked how many we had killed or wounded, 
however our officer going away on such a hurry could not give particular 
information on that head, but said he wished to get back as soon as pos- 
sible, as he was afraid before that time we had gone down ; In answer to 
this he was informed he must first go on board the Frigate and the Ship 
instead of bearing down to us to afford the assistance which humanity 
even to Rebels would have dictated, kept his Wind and went from us 
with the other Vessels. The officers in the Frigate behaved with great 
complaisance to our officer showed great compassion for us and offered to 
send their Surgeons in case we had none. Durini; the absence of our 
Boat we hap])ily found on more particular examination that our Hull was 
not so much damaged as we imagined, and got the Holes plugged up. 
All the Comfort our Boat brought us was that it was His Majesty's Ship 
Renown of 50 C.uns Cap'. Dawson with orders to keep by him all night 
(which was a thing not in our power, our Vessel having almost every- 
thing shot to ])ieces and entirely out of command) as there were several 
Rebel Frigates cruising there, and jjretended that he understood we hailed 
from Boston, and took us for them, altho' we were within Pistol Shot all 
the time. 

Honour forbid asking Protection from such a Man"; the Enemy we 
were not afraid of, as for ujiwards of 8 days we had been cruizing along 
that Coast for the purpose of falling with some of their Privateers to have 
revenge for the loss of 3 of our Prises amissing and imagined to be re- 
taken by them and at any rate it was impossible they could use us worse : 



A Britisli Privateer in flic American Revolution 300 

The Relation is tiresome, and for the sake of Human Nature it were to 
be wished that such Conduct was buried in perpetual oblivion ; but Jus- 
tice forbids it and the Honour of Britain requires that such wanton and 
unprovoked cruelty, unworthy of a Briton, and for the Mischief pro- 
duced by which Barbarity itself would even drop a Tear ; should be held 
up to Mankind in its true and genuine light. Cap". Dean received a 
contusion in his left hand. One fine young lad wounded by a Musket 
Ball which penetrated his left Arm near the Shoulder, and breaking the 
Collar Bone, lodged in the right side of his Neck : the Ball was happily 
cut out, but it is much to be feared it will prove mortal : Another had 
his left Arm from the Shoulder Blade to the Elbow, shattered all to 
pieces by a Cannon Ball in a most shocking manner ; his Wound is like- 
wise mortal : and a third had his left shoulder Blade grazed by a Grape 
Shot or Ball which took off the Flesh from the other and part of the 
Bone, and in all appearance his Fate will be the same as the others. We 
were hulled in nine places ; our Main Mast almost entirely shot away 
about 9 feet from the Deck by a 24 pounder ; our Foremast wounded 
very much about the middle, our Main Cap gone, several of our Yards 
hurt ; and our Boats, Sails, Standing and running rigging near entirely 
ruined. In short Words are insufficient to describe the Horrid scene. 
The damage is great and cannot possibly be ascertained, as besides the ex- 
pence of refitting the Vessel it has knocked up our Cruize. The Tryon 
happily received no further Damage than 2 or 3 people slightly wounded 
Cap'. Sibles humanely offered us every assistance and staid by us till next 
day, when we had got our Main Mast fished and our other Damage so far 
repaired as to be able to make a Shift to get to New York. We likewise 
must not forget to mention Cap'. Philips of the Diana, who staid in sight 
of us till next forenoon when finding us still afloat, he naturally concluded, 
the only assistance in his power which was to save the people in case of 
our sinking could not be longer requisite. 

On Board the Snow Vengeance Saturday 22!* May 1779. 

Signed by 

When, a few days later, tlie "Vengeance" sighted Sandy 
Hook, it was not to make that triumphant return towards which 
her officers and crew had looked with jubilant expectation ; instead, 
she crept up the Narrows disabled and humiliated and anchored at 
New York as one who has been wounded seeks a hospital. Dur- 
ing the three or four months that followed it cost a pretty penny to 
repair the damage wrought by Captain Dawson of His Britannic 
Majesty's Ship " Renown," but the renovation went steadily for- 
ward. The prize schooner " Fannie" was purchased at public sale 
for an even ^500 and fitted up to serve as a tender for the " Ven- 
geance." New cordage, new spars, new sails and anchors were 
provided for both ; two new " double fortified 4 pounders " were 
bought at a cost of /"roo; powder ammunition costing £6^2 is. 



30I Henry ]\. Ihru'lcxnd 

lod. were added to that which remained from the first cruize ; a new 
boat was purchased for ;f84 ; the " good night glass " was not 
forgotten ; abundant provisions were suppHed, including the " parcel 
of bread from the Le Hardy" which Captain Dean had desired and 
when the privateer and her tender were again ready for the sea the 
debit side of the privateer's account stood charged with the hand- 
some sum of ;^7i5i 17s. S^/^d. York currency. The schooner 
was re-christened the " Langolee," Captain Black commander, 
with twenty-two officers and men, and both set sail Monday, Sep- 
tember 28, for a trial trip preparatory to their longer cruize. A 
portion of the log of the " Langolee" is preserved which tells us 
what the daily rations of a privateersman were in the 18th century. 
Breakfast was at 8 A. M., dinner at noon. Each man was to have 
six pounds of bread per week, with a half pint of rum per day, his 
grog to be stopped for wrangling or quarrelling, or for getting 
drunk ; " Bargow and Butter" for breakfast, with a pound of beef 
at dinner on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and on the alter- 
nate days rice and butter for breakfast with a pound of pork with 
pulse for dinner and on Sundays rice and molasses for breakfast 
with flour and beef for dinner. 

On the second day after sailing they succeeded in capturing the 
American privateer sloop " Revenge," Captain Edward Yorke, from 
Philadelphia, a vessel of thirty-five tons burthen with a crew of 
thirty officers and men ; armed with eight three pound and two 
pound cannon and eight swivel guns, commissioned, as the con- 
demnation papers recite, " by the persons Stiling them.selves the 
Delegates of the United States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts 
Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, pensyl- 
vania, the three lower Counties on Delaware Maryland Virginia, 
North Carolina South Carolina, and Georgia, Rebels to our Lord 
the now King to Cruize against the Vessels and Effects of His 
Majestys Liege Subjects." The portion of the "Langolee's" log 
which is preserved ends October 9th, when the tender, having be- 
come separated from the " Vengeance," was being pursued by some 
larger craft and it would appear that she was captured by the vig- 
ilant Yankees, for reference is afterwards made to the exchange of 
some of her crew including Captain Dean's brother. The " Ven- 
geance " however returned to New York, and completed such fur- 
ther prei)arations as were needful. On November 5, 1779, Captain 
Dean writes from Sandy Hook : " I have just now returned from on 
board the Admiral, who gives me Permission to sail without even 
being examined. The Anchor is just heaving up and we proceed 
to Sea immediately. ... If there is any Opportunity of writing to 



A British Privateer in the Ajueriean Revolution 302 

Bermuda I beg you will not Omit it as 'tis highly probable I will 
touch there for Water." 

Fortune, that fickle dame, did not smile upon the "Vengeance " 
now as once she did. An unkindly fate that had touched her with 
a heavy hand when she encountered the " Renown," still followed 
her on her second cruize. When next the doughty captain wrote, 
his tone was by no means cheerful. 

S' Simons on board the Vengeance 
Dec' 26"' 1779 
D'. Sir 

I wrote You from the Hook informing you of my intention of pro- 
ceeding to Sea immediately which I did with the Loss of my Anchor. 
I'm sorry to tell you that a Series of hard Luck has attended me ever 
since — being obliged to quit the Coast off Virginia, where I intended to 
cruize for some time, by the continual heavy Gales. Dec' 22* I arrived 
at the Island of S'. Simons to clean and Water — and have had the Mis- 
fortune [to] lose my Boat with twelve hands. I hope however they can- 
not escape, as I mean to pursue them immediately to Savannah — where 
I suppose they have gone. I will be able to write you more fully from 
that place. In haste I am D' Sir Your most Ob'. Ser" 

George Dean 
A fortnight later he wrote as promised. 

„ „. Savannah, 10" Jan' 1 780. 

Dear Sir 

I wrote You from S'. Simons, informing You of my safe Arrival 
at that place, and my Intention of cleaning and Watering there. It in- 
form' d You likewise of the Loss of My Boat and twelve hands, who 
found means to give me the Slip on Christmass Night. Three Days after, 
however, I had the good Fortune to catch them all, on my Way here. 
Two of the Ring-Leaders I properly secur'd and brought with Me. The 
rest I left in Irons on board the Snow. 

My Expedition to this place has been truly a disagreeable one — hav- 
ing been driven ashore on the Island of S'. Catharine's, and very nar- 
rowly escap'd with My Life, and since my Arrival here, three of my 
Boat's Crew (Hugh Wyllie, John Neilson and John Harris) on whose 
Fidelity I thought I cou'd depend, have deserted, and left me in the 
Lurch. This last Circumstance has distressed me greatly — detaining me 
so much longer than I expected. Tomorrow, however, I set off for 
S' Simons and hope to proceed to Sea immediately on my Arrival there. 

As I stood in Need of some Necessaries — I have drawn on You for ^^40 
Stg. in favour of M' John Tunno, a Copy of the Acco'. You have enclos'd. 

I hope I shall soon have the pleasure of writing You on a more agree- 
able Subject. 

If I shou'd have the good Fortune to take any prizes I shall send them 
to this Place or to Bermuda, 'till I can have an Opportunity of convoy- 
ing them to York myself 



303 Henry R. ILnvUxiid 

A Stephen joins me in wishing to be remeniber'tl to Voii and M'. 
Richardson. 

Believe me to be, with great Esteem 

Your most Obed' Serv'. 

George Dean 

By the endorsements in the hand of John Porteous it appears 
that it was April 27, i 780, before either this letter or the one that 
preceded it reached New York, and this was the last that was ever 
heard of Captain George Dean or of the privateer, " Vengeance." 

July II, 1780, John Richardson, who had not accompanied the 
" Vengeance " on her last cruize, wrote to Mr. Porteous from Sandy 
Hook as he was about leaving on a mercantile venture to Charles- 
ton, S. C: " Yesterday a brig passed from Bermuda which I took 
to be Morgans, and it gave me the utmost uneasiness. I was from 
the same reason prevented from getting on board her to see if I 
could learn anything of Poor Dean. I beg you'll not forget to let 
me know first opportunity to Charlestown if you have heard of 
him." On August 22 he wrote from Charleston " Pray have you 
heard anything of poor Dean ? Mr. Tunno's Brother informed me 
it was his firm intention to cruize a little time off Virginia and if 
still unsuccessful push for the West Indies, as he was determined 
to bottomry the Vessel rather than not do something, well knowing 
that returning without a prize was almost equivalent to a total loss 
of the Vessel. As this is the case I form hopes that he is yet safe 
poor fellow." 

January 20, 178 1, Captain George Knowlcs, who had been the 
first lieutenant of the "Vengeance" on her former cruize, now 
having another command, wrote from Charleston. S. C: "I am 
bound for Jamaica and I hoap to learn som Acount of the Snow 
Vengeance." It proved a vain hope, and two years later, in April, 
1783, a letter from luigland to Mr. Porteous written by Trevor 
Bomforil, announcing the death of his brother Thomas Bomford 
(late captain in the 35th infantry), who had been a shareholder in 
the " Vengeance " says, " I will esteem it a particular favor if you 
will acquaint me, particularh" about the Snow Vengeance and if She 
has been heard of" 

Whether the ship was lost in some fierce battle with the elements, 
or was sunk by the guns of her enemies, remained shrouded in 
mystery and may never be known. With that last word of hope- 
ful expectation from her courageous Captain, her record was 
closed; the "Vengeance" with her officers and crew disappeared 
from histor)' and pas.sed forever out of mortal sight and ken. 

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